一、前言

本篇博客對(duì)于文件操作、字典、列表、匿名函數(shù)以及sort()等內(nèi)置函數(shù)進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的整理操作，以設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)學(xué)生信息管理系統(tǒng)的形式展示，具體概念方法等會(huì)在代碼后進(jìn)行分析講述，請(qǐng)讀者仔細(xì)分析每一處解析，對(duì)于基礎(chǔ)鞏固將會(huì)有很大的幫助，其中還有每一塊代碼的設(shè)計(jì)思路圖，邏輯分析會(huì)有一定的提升。

二、需求分析

本程序需要用到os模板首先導(dǎo)入，并命名要存儲(chǔ)信息的文件

import os
File_Object_Name = 'Student_Inforation.txt'

三、主函數(shù)

def Main():
    while True:
        Menu()
        _Select = int(input('Please select operation:'))
        if _Select in [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]:
            if _Select == 0:
                _Answer = input('Do you want to log out?(Y/N)')
                if _Answer == 'Y' or _Answer == 'y':
                    print('Thank for you use!!!')
                    break
                    pass
                else:
                    continue
                    pass
                pass
            elif _Select == 1:
                Insert_Infor()
                pass
            elif _Select == 2:
                Search_Infor()
                pass
            elif _Select == 3:
                Delete_Infor()
                pass
            elif _Select == 4:
                Change_Infor()
                pass
            elif _Select == 5:
                Sort()
                pass
            elif _Select == 6:
                Count_Total_Num()
                pass
            elif _Select == 7:
                Show_Infor()
                pass
            pass
        else:
            print('Error Input!!!')
            pass

四、功能菜單

def Menu():
    print('=========Student Information Management System=========')
    print('---------------------Function menu---------------------')
    print('             1、Input Student Information')
    print('             2、Search Student Information')
    print('             3、Delete Student Information')
    print('             4、Change Student Information')
    print('             5、Sort According to Score')
    print('             6、Count Total Student Number')
    print('             7、Show All Student Information')
    print('             0、Log Out')
    print('-------------------------------------------------------')
    pass

五、錄入信息

def Insert_Infor():
    Student_Infor_List = []  # 創(chuàng)建一個(gè)學(xué)生信息空列表，后面會(huì)用到
    while True:
        Stu_Id = input('Please input the id(such as 1001,1002):')
        if not Stu_Id:  # 空的字符串轉(zhuǎn)為bool類型為False，非空為True，此處若是輸入為空會(huì)直接跳出循環(huán)。（空列表、字典、元組等都滿足）
            break
            pass
        Stu_Name = input('Please input the name:')
        if not Stu_Name:
            break
            pass
        try:
            English_Score = int(input('Please input the English score:'))
            Python_Score = int(input('Please input the Python score:'))
            Java_Score = int(input('Please input the Java score:'))
            pass
        except:
            print('Error Input(not int),please input again')
            continue
            pass
        # 將每個(gè)學(xué)生的信息放入一個(gè)字典當(dāng)中
        Student_Infor_Dict = {'Id': Stu_Id, 'Name': Stu_Name, 'English': English_Score, 'Python': Python_Score, 'Java': Java_Score}
        # 將一個(gè)字典作為一個(gè)元素放入學(xué)生信息列表
        Student_Infor_List.append(Student_Infor_Dict)  # 使用 append() 方法來添加列表項(xiàng)
        _Answer = input('Whether to input more?(Y/N)')
        if _Answer == 'Y' or _Answer == 'y':
            continue
            pass
        else:
            break
            pass
        pass
    # 將學(xué)生信息列表中的字典元素保存到文件之中，調(diào)用Keep_Infor()函數(shù)
    Keep_Infor(Student_Infor_List)
    print('Input Finished')
    pass

六、保存信息

def Keep_Infor(List):
    File_Object = open(File_Object_Name, mode='a', encoding='utf-8')
    # 打開一個(gè)文件用于追加。如果該文件已存在，文件指針將會(huì)放在文件的結(jié)尾。也就是說，新的內(nèi)容將會(huì)被寫入到已有內(nèi)容之后。如果該文件不存在，創(chuàng)建新文件進(jìn)行寫入。
    for item in List:
        File_Object.write(str(item)+'\n')
        pass
    # 將傳入的列表中的字典元素強(qiáng)制轉(zhuǎn)換成字符串類型并拼接上換行符寫入文件
    File_Object.close()

七、查找信息

def Search_Infor():
    Student_Query = [] # 空列表，之后用于存放查找到的學(xué)生信息
    while True:
        Student_Id = ''
        Student_Name = ''
        if os.path.exists(File_Object_Name):
        # os.path模塊主要用于文件的屬性獲取，os.path.exists()就是判斷括號(hào)里的文件是否存在，括號(hào)內(nèi)的可以是文件路徑/名。
            Search_Mode = int(input('search by id(1) or by name(2):'))
            if Search_Mode == 1:
                Student_Id = input('Please input id:')
                pass
            elif Search_Mode == 2:
                Student_Name = input('Please input name:')
                pass
            else:
                print('Error Input,try again!')
                Search_Infor()
                pass
            with open(File_Object_Name, 'r', encoding='utf-8')as File_Object:  # 只讀模式打開文件并將類對(duì)象賦給File_Object
                Student_List = File_Object.readlines()  # readlines()按行讀取，一次性讀取所有內(nèi)容，返回一個(gè)列表，每一行內(nèi)容作為一個(gè)元素
                for item in Student_List:  # 遍歷列表中元素
                    _Dict = eval(item)
                    # 由于是以字符串類型保存到文件中，此時(shí)item相當(dāng)于'dict'形式，要將其用eval()函數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換為字典,即脫掉''。
                    if Student_Id:  # 如果選的是按照姓名查找，則此空字符串已經(jīng)不再為空，bool類型為True
                        if Student_Id == _Dict['Id']:
                            Student_Query.append(_Dict)
                            pass
                        pass
                    elif Student_Name:
                        if Student_Name == _Dict['Name']:
                            Student_Query.append(_Dict)
                            pass
                        pass
                    pass
                if Student_Query == []:  # 仍為空說明未找到。
                    print('no such student,try again')
                    Search_Infor()  # 再次調(diào)用函數(shù)
                    pass
                pass
            pass
        else:
            print('Still no such file to keep student information!')
            pass
        print(Student_Query[0])  # 此時(shí)該列表中只有一個(gè)字典元素，直接打印輸出
        Student_Query.clear()  # 調(diào)用內(nèi)置函數(shù)清空列表，方便下次使用
        _Answer = input('Whether to search others?(Y/N)')
        if _Answer == 'Y' or _Answer == 'y':
            continue
            pass
        else:
            return
        pass
    pass

八、刪除信息

def Delete_Infor():
    while True:
        Student_Id = input('Please input the student‘s id that you want to delete:')
        if Student_Id:
            if os.path.exists(File_Object_Name):
                with open(File_Object_Name, 'r', encoding='utf-8')as File1:
                    Old_Student_Infor = File1.readlines()  # 讀取每行作為元素放入Old_Student_Infor列表
                    pass
                pass
            else:
                Old_Student_Infor = []
                pass
            Flag = False  # 是否刪除成功的標(biāo)志
            if Old_Student_Infor:
                with open(File_Object_Name, 'w', encoding='utf-8')as File2:
                    _Dict = {}
                    for item in Old_Student_Infor:
                        _Dict = eval(item)  # 將刪除信息之前的列表元素轉(zhuǎn)化為字典形式賦給_Dict
                        if _Dict['Id'] != Student_Id:
                            File2.write(str(_Dict)+'\n')
                            # 如果與要?jiǎng)h除的信息的Id不同，覆蓋寫入原文件
                            pass
                        else:
                            Flag = True  # 如果相同的話，則不寫入文件中，相當(dāng)于刪除成功
                            pass
                        pass
                    if Flag:
                        print('Student information of {} has been delete'.format(Student_Id))
                        pass
                    else:
                        print('Can not find student of id:{}'.format(Student_Id))
                        pass
                    pass
                pass
            else:
                print('file have no student information')
                break
                pass
            Show_Infor()
            _Answer = input('Whether to delete more?(Y/N)')
            pass
        if _Answer == 'Y' or _Answer == 'y':
            continue
            pass
        else:
            break
            pass
        pass
    pass

九、修改信息

def Change_Infor():
    Show_Infor()
    if os.path.exists(File_Object_Name):
        with open(File_Object_Name, 'r', encoding='utf-8')as old_file:
            Old_Student_Infor = old_file.readlines()
            pass
        pass
    else:
        return
    Student_Id = input('Please input the id you wanna change:')
    if Student_Id:
        with open(File_Object_Name, 'w', encoding='utf-8')as new_file:
            for item in Old_Student_Infor:
                _dict = dict(eval(item))
                if _dict['Id'] == Student_Id:
                    print('Find it,can change it!')
                    while True:
                        try:
                            _dict['Name'] = input('Please input new name:')
                            _dict['English'] = input('Please input new English score:')
                            _dict['Python'] = input('Please input new Python score:')
                            _dict['Java'] = input('Please input new Java score:')
                            pass
                        except:
                            print('Error Input!!!Try again')
                            pass
                        new_file.write(str(_dict)+'\n')
                        print('Successfully change!')
                        break
                        pass
                    pass
                else:
                    print('Can‘t find it')
                    new_file.write(str(_dict)+'\n')
                    pass
                pass
            pass
        pass
    _Answer = input('Whether to change more?(Y/N)')
    if _Answer == 'y' or _Answer == 'Y':
        Change_Infor()
        pass
    else:
        return
    pass

十、顯示信息

def Show_Infor():
    Infor_List = []
    if os.path.exists(File_Object_Name):
        with open(File_Object_Name, 'r', encoding='utf-8')as File_Object:
            Stu_List = File_Object.readlines()
            for item1 in Stu_List:
                Infor_List.append(dict(eval(item1)))
                pass
            if Infor_List:
                for item2 in Infor_List:
                    print(item2)
                    pass
                pass
            else:
                print('no student')
                pass
            pass
        pass
    else:
        print('no such file')
        pass
    pass

十一、按成績(jī)排序

def Sort():
    Show_Infor()
    Infor_List = []
    if os.path.exists(File_Object_Name):
        with open(File_Object_Name, 'r', encoding='utf-8')as File_Object:
            Student_List = File_Object.readlines()
            for item in Student_List:
                _Dict = dict(eval(item))
                Infor_List.append(_Dict)
                pass
            pass
        pass
    else:
        print('no such file')
        return
    Sort_Mode = bool(input('Please input sort mode(0、ascending order|1、descending order)'))
    if not Sort_Mode:  # ascending order
        reverse_mode = True
        pass
    else:  # descending order
        reverse_mode = False
        pass
    Specific_Sort_Mode = int(input('Sort by English(1),by Python(2),by Jave(3),by total(4):'))
    if Specific_Sort_Mode == 1:
        Infor_List.sort(key=lambda x: int(x['English']), reverse=reverse_mode)
        pass
    elif Specific_Sort_Mode == 2:
        Infor_List.sort(key=lambda x: int(x['Python']), reverse=reverse_mode)
        pass
    elif Specific_Sort_Mode == 3:
        Infor_List.sort(key=lambda x: int(x['Java']), reverse=reverse_mode)
        pass
    elif Specific_Sort_Mode == 4:
        Infor_List.sort(key=lambda x: int(x['English']) + int(x['Python']) + int(x['Java']), reverse=reverse_mode)
        pass
    else:
        print('Error Input,try again')
        Sort()
        pass
    for item in Infor_List:
        print(item)
        pass
    pass

sort()函數(shù)原型: list.sort(key=None, reverse=False)

key參數(shù) ：
key接受的是一個(gè)只有一個(gè)形參的函數(shù)，形式如下
def f(a):
return len(a)
key接受的函數(shù)返回值，表示此元素的權(quán)值，sort將按照權(quán)值大小進(jìn)行排序
reverse參數(shù) ：
reverse接受的是一個(gè)bool類型的值 (Ture or False),表示是否顛倒排列順序,一般默認(rèn)的是False

十二、統(tǒng)計(jì)人數(shù)

def Count_Total_Num():
    if os.path.exists(File_Object_Name):
        with open(File_Object_Name, 'r', encoding='utf-8')as File_Object:
            Stu_List = File_Object.readlines()
            _Count = len(Stu_List)
            if _Count >= 2:
                print('A total of {} students')
                pass
            elif _Count ==1:
                print('A single student!')
                pass
            else:
                print('no student!')
                pass
            pass
        pass
    else:
        print('still no such file!')
        pass
    pass

十三、最后記得運(yùn)行主函數(shù)

Main()

十四、將程序打包成可執(zhí)行exe文件

1.cmd進(jìn)入command界面

2.輸入pip install PyInstaller

3.安裝完成后仍在cmd界面輸入pyinstaller -F py為擴(kuò)展名的文件路徑\文件名.py

4.操作后將會(huì)有一大串代碼，倒數(shù)第二行會(huì)有最終文件的保存地址，打開之后將之前編譯程序生成的txt文件移入該文件夾中即可操作

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