NFS 是Network File System的縮寫，即網(wǎng)絡(luò)文件系統(tǒng)，一種使用于分散式文件系統(tǒng)的協(xié)定
NFS通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)讓不同的機(jī)器、不同的操作系統(tǒng)能夠彼此分享個別的數(shù)據(jù)，例如將/home設(shè)置為共享目錄，然后共享給網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的其它服務(wù)器，這樣每臺機(jī)器就不必單獨(dú)建立自己的/home路徑了，NFS獨(dú)立于操作系統(tǒng)，容許不同硬件及操作系統(tǒng)的系統(tǒng)共同進(jìn)行文件的分享，是在類Unix系統(tǒng)間實現(xiàn)磁盤文件共享的一種方法
NFS本身沒有提供信息傳輸?shù)膮f(xié)議和功能，而是使用RPC服務(wù)完成這部分功能。可以說NFS本身就是使用RPC服務(wù)的一個程序，或者說NFS也是一個RPC SERVER。所以只要用到NFS的地方都要啟動RPC服務(wù)，不論是NFS server還是NFS client，可以這么理解RPC和NFS之間的關(guān)系：NFS是一個文件系統(tǒng)，而RPC負(fù)責(zé)信息的傳輸
一，系統(tǒng)環(huán)境
Linux Distribution：Ubuntu 14
二，安裝Linux NFS
sean@sean:~$ sudo apt-get install nfs-kernel-server
[sudo] password for sean:
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following extra packages will be installed:
keyutils libgssglue1 libnfsidmap2 libtirpc1 nfs-common rpcbind
Suggested packages:
open-iscsi watchdog
The following NEW packages will be installed:
keyutils libgssglue1 libnfsidmap2 libtirpc1 nfs-common nfs-kernel-server
rpcbind
0 upgraded, 7 newly installed, 0 to remove and 159 not upgraded.
Need to get 460 kB of archives.
After this operation, 2,049 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y
Get:1 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main libgssglue1 amd64 0.4-2ubuntu1 [19.7 kB]
Get:2 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main libnfsidmap2 amd64 0.25-5 [32.2 kB]
Get:3 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main libtirpc1 amd64 0.2.2-5ubuntu2 [71.3 kB]
Get:4 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main keyutils amd64 1.5.6-1 [33.6 kB]
Get:5 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/main rpcbind amd64 0.2.1-2ubuntu2.2 [37.1 kB]
Get:6 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/main nfs-common amd64 1:1.2.8-6ubuntu1.2 [181 kB]
Get:7 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/main nfs-kernel-server amd64 1:1.2.8-6ubuntu1.2 [85.8 kB]
Fetched 460 kB in 16s (27.2 kB/s)
Selecting previously unselected package libgssglue1:amd64.
(Reading database ... 168701 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../libgssglue1_0.4-2ubuntu1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libgssglue1:amd64 (0.4-2ubuntu1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libnfsidmap2:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libnfsidmap2_0.25-5_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libnfsidmap2:amd64 (0.25-5) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libtirpc1:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libtirpc1_0.2.2-5ubuntu2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libtirpc1:amd64 (0.2.2-5ubuntu2) ...
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Unpacking rpcbind (0.2.1-2ubuntu2.2) ...
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Selecting previously unselected package nfs-kernel-server.
Preparing to unpack .../nfs-kernel-server_1%3a1.2.8-6ubuntu1.2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking nfs-kernel-server (1:1.2.8-6ubuntu1.2) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.6.7.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-16) ...
ureadahead will be reprofiled on next reboot
Setting up libgssglue1:amd64 (0.4-2ubuntu1) ...
Setting up libnfsidmap2:amd64 (0.25-5) ...
Setting up libtirpc1:amd64 (0.2.2-5ubuntu2) ...
Setting up keyutils (1.5.6-1) ...
Setting up rpcbind (0.2.1-2ubuntu2.2) ...
Removing any system startup links for /etc/init.d/rpcbind ...
rpcbind start/running, process 12074
Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-16) ...
Setting up nfs-common (1:1.2.8-6ubuntu1.2) ...
Creating config file /etc/idmapd.conf with new version
Creating config file /etc/default/nfs-common with new version
Adding system user `statd' (UID 118) ...
Adding new user `statd' (UID 118) with group `nogroup' ...
Not creating home directory `/var/lib/nfs'.
statd start/running, process 12307
gssd stop/pre-start, process 12341
idmapd start/running, process 12399
Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-16) ...
Setting up nfs-kernel-server (1:1.2.8-6ubuntu1.2) ...
Creating config file /etc/exports with new version
Creating config file /etc/default/nfs-kernel-server with new version
* Not starting NFS kernel daemon: no exports.
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.19-0ubuntu6.7) ...
Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-16) ...
通過安裝日志可以發(fā)現(xiàn)總共會安裝keyutils，libgssglue1，libnfsidmap2，libtirpc1，nfs-common，nfs-kernel-server，rpcbind這7個包
很多文檔中安裝的包為portmap，但是這個包已經(jīng)被rpcbind替代
sean@sean:~$ sudo apt-get install portmap
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Note, selecting 'rpcbind' instead of 'portmap'
rpcbind is already the newest version.
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 164 not upgraded.
rpcbind包安裝完成后會自動啟動rpcbind服務(wù)
sean@sean:~$ ps -ef|grep rpcbind
root 807 1 0 22:27 ? 00:00:00 rpcbind
sean 10215 9528 0 22:48 pts/6 00:00:00 grep --color=auto rpcbind
但是由于目前NFS的配置文件為空，NFS服務(wù)并沒有啟動
三，配置NFS服務(wù)
從安裝日志中我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)NFS服務(wù)的配置文件為/etc/exports，并且這個文件在安裝過程中已經(jīng)生成好了，我們所要做的就是將NFS配置信息添加到這個文件中
sean@sean:~$ sudo vi /etc/exports
# /etc/exports: the access control list for filesystems which may be exported
# to NFS clients. See exports(5).
#
# Example for NFSv2 and NFSv3:
# /srv/homes hostname1(rw,sync,no_subtree_check) hostname2(ro,sync,no_subtree_check)
#
# Example for NFSv4:
# /srv/nfs4 gss/krb5i(rw,sync,fsid=0,crossmnt,no_subtree_check)
# /srv/nfs4/homes gss/krb5i(rw,sync,no_subtree_check)
/home/sean/shareDir 192.168.137.129(rw,no_root_squash,async)
其中中的最后一行為新添加的NFS配置，NFS配置信息格式如下：
共享目錄> [客戶端1 選項（訪問權(quán)限,用戶映射,其他）] [客戶端2 選項（訪問權(quán)限,用戶映射,其他）]
1，共享目錄：
共享目錄是指NFS系統(tǒng)中需要共享給客戶機(jī)使用的目錄
2，客戶端：
客戶端是指網(wǎng)絡(luò)中可以訪問NFS共享目錄的計算機(jī)
客戶端常用的指定方式：
(1)指定ip地址的主機(jī)：192.168.0.1
(2)指定子網(wǎng)中的所有主機(jī)：192.168.0.0/255.255.255.0
(3)指定域名的主機(jī)：www.sean.com
(4)指定域中的所有主機(jī)：*.sean.com
(5)所有主機(jī)：*
3，選項：
選項用來設(shè)置輸出目錄的訪問權(quán)限、用戶映射等，NFS主要有3類選項：
訪問權(quán)限選項：
(1)設(shè)置輸出目錄只讀：ro
(2)設(shè)置輸出目錄讀寫：rw
用戶映射選項：
(1)all_squash：將遠(yuǎn)程訪問的所有普通用戶及所屬組都映射為匿名用戶或用戶組（nfsnobody）
(2)no_all_squash：與all_squash取反（默認(rèn)設(shè)置）
(3)root_squash：將root用戶及所屬組都映射為匿名用戶或用戶組（默認(rèn)設(shè)置）
(4)no_root_squash：與rootsquash取反
(5)anonuid=xxx：將遠(yuǎn)程訪問的所有用戶都映射為匿名用戶，并指定該用戶為本地用戶（UID=xxx）
(6)anongid=xxx：將遠(yuǎn)程訪問的所有用戶組都映射為匿名用戶組賬戶，并指定該匿名用戶組賬戶為本地用戶組賬戶（GID=xxx）
其它選項：
(1)secure：限制客戶端只能從小于1024的tcp/ip端口連接nfs服務(wù)器（默認(rèn)設(shè)置）
(2)insecure：允許客戶端從大于1024的tcp/ip端口連接服務(wù)器
(3)sync：將數(shù)據(jù)同步寫入內(nèi)存緩沖區(qū)與磁盤中，效率低，但可以保證數(shù)據(jù)的一致性
(4)async：將數(shù)據(jù)先保存在內(nèi)存緩沖區(qū)中，必要時才寫入磁盤
(5)wdelay：檢查是否有相關(guān)的寫操作，如果有則將這些寫操作一起執(zhí)行，這樣可以提高效率（默認(rèn)設(shè)置）
(6)no_wdelay：若有寫操作則立即執(zhí)行，應(yīng)與sync配合使用
(7)subtree：若輸出目錄是一個子目錄，則nfs服務(wù)器將檢查其父目錄的權(quán)限(默認(rèn)設(shè)置)
(8)no_subtree：即使輸出目錄是一個子目錄，nfs服務(wù)器也不檢查其父目錄的權(quán)限，這樣可以提高效率
四，啟動NFS服務(wù)
sean@sean:~$ sudo service nfs-kernel-server start
* Exporting directories for NFS kernel daemon... exportfs: /etc/exports [1]: Neither 'subtree_check' or 'no_subtree_check' specified for export "192.168.137.129:/home/sean/shareDir".
Assuming default behaviour ('no_subtree_check').
NOTE: this default has changed since nfs-utils version 1.0.x
* Starting NFS kernel daemon
sean@sean:~$ sudo service nfs-kernel-server status
nfsd running
sean@sean:~$ ps -ef|grep nfsd
root 10536 2 0 23:40 ? 00:00:00 [nfsd4]
root 10537 2 0 23:40 ? 00:00:00 [nfsd4_callbacks]
root 10539 2 0 23:40 ? 00:00:00 [nfsd]
root 10540 2 0 23:40 ? 00:00:00 [nfsd]
root 10541 2 0 23:40 ? 00:00:00 [nfsd]
root 10542 2 0 23:40 ? 00:00:00 [nfsd]
root 10543 2 0 23:40 ? 00:00:00 [nfsd]
root 10544 2 0 23:40 ? 00:00:00 [nfsd]
root 10545 2 0 23:40 ? 00:00:00 [nfsd]
root 10546 2 0 23:40 ? 00:00:00 [nfsd]
sean 10566 9528 0 23:41 pts/6 00:00:00 grep --color=auto nfsd
通過命令可以看到文件夾已經(jīng)被共享
sean@sean:~$ showmount -e
Export list for sean:
/home/sean/shareDir 192.168.137.129
五，客戶端掛載NFS共享目錄
sean@ubuntu:~$ sudo mount 192.168.137.128:/home/sean/shareDir /home/sean/shared
mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on 192.168.137.128:/home/sean/shareDir,
missing codepage or helper program, or other error
(for several filesystems (e.g. nfs, cifs) you might
need a /sbin/mount.type> helper program)
In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try
dmesg | tail or so
上網(wǎng)查看了一下錯誤原因，是因為客戶端沒有安裝nfs-common包
sean@ubuntu:~$ sudo apt-get install nfs-common
之后再次使用掛載命令即可，此時如果我們再次查看客戶端掛載的磁盤，就可以看到NFS共享目錄已經(jīng)被掛載上了
sean@ubuntu:~$ df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
udev 488800 4 488796 1% /dev
tmpfs 99904 1456 98448 2% /run
/dev/sda1 19478204 3745568 14720156 21% /
none 4 0 4 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
none 5120 0 5120 0% /run/lock
none 499512 152 499360 1% /run/shm
none 102400 40 102360 1% /run/user
/dev/sr0 1044480 1044480 0 100% /media/sean/Ubuntu 14.04.4 LTS amd64
192.168.137.128:/home/sean/shareDir 19478272 4288896 14176896 24% /home/sean/shared
此時如果我們在128的/home/sean/shareDir目錄下創(chuàng)建一個文件，在129的/home/sean/shared目錄下可以看到一個名稱相同的文件，并且文件的內(nèi)容也相同
六，開機(jī)啟動NFS服務(wù)
安裝完成之后查看系統(tǒng)服務(wù)
sean@sean:~$ runlevel
N 2
sean@sean:~$ ll /etc/rc2.d
total 20
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 6月 20 23:25 ./
drwxr-xr-x 132 root root 12288 6月 26 20:16 ../
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 677 2月 17 12:59 README
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 20 2月 22 06:33 S20kerneloops -> ../init.d/kerneloops*
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 27 6月 20 23:25 S20nfs-kernel-server -> ../init.d/nfs-kernel-server*
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 2月 22 06:33 S20rsync -> ../init.d/rsync*
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 27 2月 22 06:33 S20speech-dispatcher -> ../init.d/speech-dispatcher*
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 2月 22 06:33 S50saned -> ../init.d/saned*
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 19 2月 22 06:33 S70dns-clean -> ../init.d/dns-clean*
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 18 2月 22 06:33 S70pppd-dns -> ../init.d/pppd-dns*
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 21 2月 22 06:33 S99grub-common -> ../init.d/grub-common*
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 18 2月 22 06:33 S99ondemand -> ../init.d/ondemand*
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 18 2月 22 06:33 S99rc.local -> ../init.d/rc.local*
nfs-kernel-server是自動啟動，就不需要再進(jìn)行修改了，而rpcbind就比較麻煩了，找了半天才找到vi /etc/init/rpcbind-boot.conf
# portmap-boot
description "Upstart job to start rpcbind on boot only"
author "Clint Byrum"
emits start-rpcbind
start on virtual-filesystems and net-device-up IFACE=lo
task
exec initctl emit --no-wait start-rpcbind ON_BOOT=y
可以見到這個服務(wù)設(shè)為開機(jī)啟動了
七，開機(jī)自動掛載共享盤
這時候我們需要修改的文件是/etc/fstab，命令格式如下：
NFS服務(wù)端>:共享目錄> 本地目錄> 文件系統(tǒng)類型> 選項> dump> pass>每個字段的具體含義這里就不詳細(xì)解釋了，vi /etc/fstab，在文件中添加下面這行配置
192.168.137.128:/home/sean/shareDir /home/sean/shared nfs defaults 0 0系統(tǒng)每次啟動時即會自動掛載共享盤
以上這篇Ubuntu配置NFS的具體流程(推薦)就是小編分享給大家的全部內(nèi)容了，希望能給大家一個參考，也希望大家多多支持腳本之家。
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