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oracle復(fù)習(xí)筆記之PL/SQL程序所要了解的知識(shí)點(diǎn)

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復(fù)習(xí)內(nèi)容:

PL/SQL的基本語(yǔ)法、記錄類型、流程控制、游標(biāo)的使用、

異常處理機(jī)制、存儲(chǔ)函數(shù)/存儲(chǔ)過(guò)程、觸發(fā)器。

為方便大家跟著我的筆記練習(xí),為此提供數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)表文件給大家下載:點(diǎn)我下載

為了要有輸出的結(jié)果,在寫(xiě)PL/SQL程序前都在先運(yùn)行這一句:
set serveroutput on
結(jié)構(gòu):
declare
--聲明變量、類型、游標(biāo)
begin
--程序的執(zhí)行部分(類似于java里的main()方法)
exception
--針對(duì)begin塊中出現(xiàn)的異常,提供處理的機(jī)制
--when...then...
--when...then...
end;
舉例1:

declare
  v_sal number(10); (注意每句話后面別忘記了分號(hào),跟java中的一樣)
begin
  select salary into v_sal from employees where employee_id = 100;
  dbms_output.put_line(v_sal);
end;

舉例2:

declare
  v_sal number(10); (注意,這里聲明的空間大小不能比原表中的?。?
  v_email varchar2(20);
  v_hire_date date;
begin
  select salary,email,hire_date into v_sal,v_email,v_hire_date from employees where employee_id = 
100;
  dbms_output.put_line(v_sal||','||v_email||','||v_hire_date);
end;
或者:
declare
  v_sal employees.salary%type;
  v_email employees.email%type;
  v_hire_date employees.hire_date%type;
begin
  select salary,email,hire_date into v_sal,v_email,v_hire_date from employees where employee_id = 
100;
  dbms_output.put_line(v_sal||','||v_email||','||v_hire_date);
end;

記錄:

declare 
  type emp_record is record(
   v_sal employees.salary%type,
   v_email employees.email%type,
   v_hire_date employees.hire_date%type
  );
  v_emp_record emp_record;
begin
  select salary,email,hire_date into v_emp_record from employees where employee_id = 100;
  dbms_output.put_line(v_emp_record.v_sal||','||v_emp_record.v_email||','|| 
  v_emp_record.v_hire_date);
end;

1、pl/sql基本的語(yǔ)法格式
2、記錄類型 type ... is ...record(,,,);
3、流程控制:
3.1 條件判斷(兩種)
方式一: if ... then elseif then ... else ... end if;
方式二: case ... when ... then ...end;
3.2 循環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)(三種)
方式一:loop ... exit when ... end loop;
方式二:while ... loop ... end loop;
方式三:for i in ... loop ... end loop;
3.3 goto、exit
4.游標(biāo)的使用(類似于java中的Iterator)
5.異常的處理

6.會(huì)寫(xiě)一個(gè)存儲(chǔ)函數(shù)(有返回值)、存儲(chǔ)過(guò)程(沒(méi)有返回值
7.會(huì)寫(xiě)一個(gè)觸發(fā)器

復(fù)習(xí)記錄類型:

declare
type emp_record is record(
  -- v_emp_id employees.employee_id%type,
  -- v_sal employees.salary%type
  v_emp_id number(10) := 120,
  v_sal number(10,2) :=12000
);
  v_emp_record emp_record;
begin
  -- select employee_id,salary into v_emp_record from employees where employee_id = 123;
  dbms_output.put_line('employee_id:'||v_emp_record.v_emp_id||' '||'salary:'|| 
  v_emp_record.v_sal);
end;

也可以升級(jí)一下,要是想對(duì)表的所有列都輸出,則:(須注意輸出的列名要跟表中的列名要一樣)

declare
  v_emp_record employees%rowtype;
begin
  select * into v_emp_record from employees where employee_id = 123;
  dbms_output.put_line('employee_id:'||v_emp_record.employee_id||' '||'salary:'|| 
  v_emp_record.salary);
end;
使用記錄來(lái)執(zhí)行update操作:
declare 
  v_emp_id number(10);
begin
  v_emp_id :=123;
  update employees
  set salary = salary + 100
  where employee_id = v_emp_id;
  dbms_output.put_line('執(zhí)行成功!~~');
end;

流程控制:
查詢150號(hào)員工的工資,若其工資大于或等于10000 則打印‘salary >= 10000';
若在5000到10000之間,則打印‘5000 = salary 10000';否則打印‘salary 5000'

declare 
  v_sal employees.salary%type;
begin
  select salary into v_sal from employees where employee_id =150;
  if v_sal >= 10000 then dbms_output.put_line('salary >= 10000');
  elsif v_sal > 5000 then dbms_output.put_line('10000 > salary >= 5000');
  else dbms_output.put_line('salary  5000');
  end if;
  dbms_output.put_line('salary:'||v_sal);
end;
利用case ... when ... then ... when ...then ... else ... end實(shí)現(xiàn)上題;
declare 
  v_sal employees.salary%type;
  v_temp varchar2(20);
begin
  select salary into v_sal from employees where employee_id =150;
  v_temp :=
  case trunc(v_sal/5000) when 0 then 'salary  5000'
                  when 1 then '5000 = salary  10000'
                  else 'salary >= 10000'
                  end;
  dbms_output.put_line('salary:'||v_sal||' '||v_temp);
end;


查詢出122號(hào)員工的job_id,若其值為 ‘IT_PROG', 則打印‘GRADE:A'
                                                ‘AC_MGT', 則打印‘GRADE:B'
                                                ‘AC_ACCOUNT', 則打印‘GRADE:B'
                                                 否則打印‘GRADE:D'

declare 
  v_job_id employees.job_id%type;
  v_temp varchar2(20);
begin
  select job_id into v_job_id from employees where employee_id =122;
  v_temp :=
  case v_job_id when 'IT_PROG' then 'A'
            when 'AC_MGT' then 'B'
            when 'AC_ACCOUNT' then 'C'
            else 'D'
            end;
  dbms_output.put_line('job_id:'||v_job_id||' '||v_temp);
end;

使用循環(huán)語(yǔ)句打?。?-100

declare
  v_i number(5) :=1;

begin
  loop
  dbms_output.put_line(v_i);
  exit when v_i >=100;
  v_i := v_i + 1;
  end loop;
end;
使用while實(shí)現(xiàn):
declare
  v_i number(5) :=1;
begin
  while v_i = 100 loop
   dbms_output.put_line(v_i);
   v_i := v_i + 1;
  end loop;
end;
使用for...in...loop...end loop;實(shí)現(xiàn):
begin
  for c in 1..100 loop
   dbms_output.put_line(c);
  end loop;
end;


輸出2-100之間的質(zhì)數(shù)

declare
  v_i number(3):= 2;
  v_j number(3):= 2;
  v_flag number(1):= 1;
begin 
  while v_i=100 loop
   while v_j=sqrt(v_i) loop
    if mod(v_i,v_j)=0 then v_flag:=0;
    end if;
    v_j:= v_j+1;
   end loop;
  if v_flag = 1 then dbms_output.put_line(v_i);
  end if;
  v_j :=2;
  v_i := v_i + 1;
  v_flag := 1;
  end loop;
end;

利用for循環(huán)實(shí)現(xiàn)輸出2-100之間的質(zhì)數(shù):

declare
  v_flag number(1):= 1;
begin 
  for v_i in 2..100 loop
   for v_j in 2..sqrt(v_i) loop
    if mod(v_i,v_j)=0 then v_flag:=0;
    end if;
   end loop;
   if v_flag=1 then dbms_output.put_line(v_i);
   end if;
   v_flag := 1;
  end loop;
end; 

可以用goto改進(jìn)一下:

declare
  v_flag number(1):= 1;
begin 
  for v_i in 2..100 loop
    for v_j in 2..sqrt(v_i) loop
     if mod(v_i,v_j)=0 then v_flag:=0;
     goto label;
     end if;
   end loop;
   label>>
   if v_flag=1 then dbms_output.put_line(v_i);
   end if;
   v_flag := 1;
  end loop;
end; 

打印1-100的自然數(shù),當(dāng)打印到50時(shí),跳出循環(huán) ,輸出‘打印結(jié)束':

begin 
  for i in 1..100 loop
   if i=50 then goto label;
   end if;
  dbms_output.put_line(i);
  end loop;
label>>
  dbms_output.put_line('打印結(jié)束');
end;
或者:
begin 
  for i in 1..100 loop
   if i=50 then dbms_output.put_line('打印結(jié)束');
   exit;
   end if;
  dbms_output.put_line(i);
  end loop;
end;

 

游標(biāo):
打印出80部門(mén)的所有的員工的工資:salary:XXX
declare
v_sal employees.salary%type;
--定義游標(biāo)
cursor emp_sal_cursor is select salary from employees where department_id = 80;
begin
--打開(kāi)游標(biāo)
open emp_sal_cursor;
--提取游標(biāo)
fetch emp_sal_cursor into v_sal;
while emp_sal_cursor%found loop
dbms_output.put_line('salary:'||v_sal);
fetch emp_sal_cursor into v_sal;
end loop;
--關(guān)閉游標(biāo)
close emp_sal_cursor;
end;
可以進(jìn)行優(yōu)化如下:

declare
v_empid employees.employee_id%type;
v_lastName employees.last_name%type;
v_sal employees.salary%type;
cursor emp_sal_cursor is select employee_id,last_name,salary from employees where 
department_id = 80;
begin 
open emp_sal_cursor;
fetch emp_sal_cursor into v_empid,v_lastName,v_sal;
while emp_sal_cursor%found loop
dbms_output.put_line('employee_id:'||v_empid||', '||'last_name:'||v_lastName||', 
'||'salary:'||v_sal);
fetch emp_sal_cursor into v_empid,v_lastName,v_sal;
end loop;
close emp_sal_cursor;
end;

或者使用記錄再優(yōu)化一下:

declare
type emp_record is record(
v_empid employees.employee_id%type,
v_lastName employees.last_name%type,
v_sal employees.salary%type
);
v_emp_record emp_record;
cursor emp_sal_cursor is select employee_id,last_name,salary from employees where 
department_id = 80;
begin 
open emp_sal_cursor;
fetch emp_sal_cursor into v_emp_record;
while emp_sal_cursor%found loop
dbms_output.put_line('employee_id:'||v_emp_record.v_empid||', '||'last_name:'|| 
v_emp_record.v_lastName||', '||'salary:'||v_emp_record.v_sal);
fetch emp_sal_cursor into v_emp_record;
end loop;
close emp_sal_cursor;
end; 

可以使用for循環(huán)最優(yōu)化:(注意:在for循環(huán)中它會(huì)自動(dòng)的打開(kāi)游標(biāo)、提取游標(biāo),當(dāng)提取完里面的數(shù)據(jù)后也會(huì)自動(dòng)
的關(guān)閉游標(biāo)

declare
cursor emp_sal_cursor is select employee_id,last_name,salary from employees where 
department_id = 80;
begin 
for c in emp_sal_cursor loop
dbms_output.put_line('employee_id:'||c.employee_id||', '||'last_name:'||c.last_name||', 
'||'salary:'||c.salary);
end loop;
end;


利用游標(biāo),調(diào)整公司中員工的工資:
工資范圍            調(diào)整基數(shù)
0 - 5000              5%
5000 - 10000       3%
10000 - 15000     2%
15000 -               1%
實(shí)現(xiàn):

declare 
  cursor emp_cursor is select employee_id,salary from employees;
  v_empid employees.employee_id%type;
  v_sal employees.salary%type;
  v_temp number(4,2);
begin 
  open emp_cursor;
  fetch emp_cursor into v_empid,v_sal;
  while emp_cursor%found loop
   if v_sal  5000 then v_temp:=0.05;
   elsif v_sal  10000 then v_temp:=0.03;
   elsif v_sal  15000 then v_temp:=0.02;
   else v_temp:=0.01;
   end if;
  dbms_output.put_line(v_empid||','||v_sal);
  update employees
  set salary = salary * (1+v_temp)
  where employee_id = v_empid;
  fetch emp_cursor into v_empid,v_sal;
  end loop;
  close emp_cursor;
end;

用for循環(huán)實(shí)現(xiàn)

declare 
  cursor emp_cursor is select employee_id,salary from employees;
  v_temp number(4,2); 
begin 
  for c in emp_cursor loop
   if c.salary 5000 then v_temp:=0.05;
   elsif c.salary 10000 then v_temp:=0.03;
   elsif c.salary 15000 then v_temp:=0.02;
   else v_temp:=0.01;
  end if;
  update employees
  set salary = salary * (1+v_temp)
  where employee_id = c.employee_id;
  end loop;
end;

隱式游標(biāo):更新員工salary(漲工資10),如果該員工沒(méi)有找到,則打印“查無(wú)此人”信息:

begin 
  update employees
  set salary = salary + 10
  where employee_id = 1001;
   if sql%notfound then dbms_output.put_line('查無(wú)此人');
   end if;
end;

異常:
預(yù)定義異常:(有24個(gè)預(yù)定義異常,可查表

declare
  v_sal employees.salary%type;
begin 
  select salary into v_sal from employees 
  where employee_id > 100;
  dbms_output.put_line(v_sal); 
exception
  when too_many_rows then dbms_output.put_line('輸出的行數(shù)過(guò)多');
  when others then dbms_output.put_line('出現(xiàn)其它的異常了');
end;

非預(yù)定義異常:

declare
  e_deleteid_exception exception;
  pragma exception_init(e_deleteid_exception,-2292);
begin 
  delete from employees
  where employee_id = 100; 
exception
  when e_deleteid_exception then dbms_output.put_line('違反了完整性約束,故不能刪除此用戶');
  when others then dbms_output.put_line('出現(xiàn)其它的異常了');
end;

用戶自定義異常:

declare
  e_sal_hight exception;
  v_sal employees.salary%type;
begin 
  select salary into v_sal from employees where employee_id = 100;
  if v_sal > 10000 then raise e_sal_hight;
  end if;
exception
  when e_sal_hight then dbms_output.put_line('工資太高了');
  when others then dbms_output.put_line('出現(xiàn)其它的異常了');
end;

通過(guò)select...into...查詢某人的工資,若沒(méi)找到則打印出“未找到此數(shù)據(jù)”:

declare
  v_sal employees.salary%type;
begin 
  select salary into v_sal from employees where employee_id = 1001;
exception
  when no_data_found then dbms_output.put_line('未找到此數(shù)據(jù)');
  when others then dbms_output.put_line('出現(xiàn)其它的異常了');
end;
更新指定員工工資,如工資小于300,則加100,對(duì)NO_DATA_FOUND異常,TOO_MANY_ROWS進(jìn)行處理。
declare
  v_sal employees.salary%type;
begin 
  select salary into v_sal from employees where employee_id = 1001;
  if v_sal  300 then update employees set salary = salary + 100 where employee_id =101;
  end if;
exception
  when no_data_found then dbms_output.put_line('未找到此數(shù)據(jù)');
  when too_many_rows then dbms_output.put_line('輸出的行數(shù)太多了');
  when others then dbms_output.put_line('出現(xiàn)其它的異常了');
end;

自定義異常:
更新指定員工工資,增加100;若指定員工不在,則拋出異常:NO_RESULT;

declare 
  no_result exception;
begin 
  update employees set salary = salary + 100 where employee_id = 1001;
  if sql%notfound then raise no_result;
  end if;
exception 
  when no_result then dbms_output.put_line('查無(wú)此數(shù)據(jù),更新失敗'); 
  when others then dbms_output.put_line('出現(xiàn)其它異常'); 
end;


存儲(chǔ)過(guò)程:
寫(xiě)個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的hello_world存儲(chǔ)函數(shù)

create or replace function hello_world 
return varchar2
is (相當(dāng)于declare,可以在其后面定義變量、記錄、游標(biāo))
begin 
  return 'helloworld';
end;
存儲(chǔ)函數(shù)的調(diào)用:
begin 
  dbms_output.put_line(hello_world);
end;
或者:
select hello_world from dual;


帶參數(shù)的存儲(chǔ)函數(shù):

create or replace function hello_world1(v_logo varchar2)
return varchar2
is 
begin 
  return 'helloworld'||v_logo;
end;
調(diào)用:
select hello_world1('shellway') from dual
或者:
begin 
  dbms_output.put_line(hello_world1('shellway'));
end;


定義一個(gè)獲取系統(tǒng)時(shí)間的函數(shù):

create or replace function get_sysdate
return varchar2
is 
begin 
  return to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-MM-dd HH24:mi:ss');
end;


定義帶參數(shù)的函數(shù),兩個(gè)數(shù)相加

create or replace function add_param(v_num1 number,v_num2 number)
return number
is
  v_num3 number(10);
begin
  v_num3 := v_num1 + v_num2;
  return v_num3;
end;
調(diào)用:
select add_param(2,5) from dual;
或者:
begin 
  dbms_output.put_line(add_param(5,4));
end; 


定義一個(gè)函數(shù):獲取給定部門(mén)的工資總和,要求:部門(mén)號(hào)定義為參數(shù),工資總額為返回值:

create or replace function get_sal(dept_id number)
return number
is 
  v_sumsal number(10) := 0;
  cursor salary_cursor is select salary from employees where department_id = dept_id;
begin 
  for c in salary_cursor loop 
  v_sumsal := v_sumsal + c.salary;
  end loop;
  return v_sumsal;
end;
調(diào)用:
select get_sal(80) from dual;


定義一個(gè)函數(shù):獲取給定部門(mén)的工資總和 和 該部門(mén)的員工總數(shù)(定義為OUT類型的參數(shù))。
要求:部門(mén)號(hào)定義為參數(shù),工資總額定義為返回值。

create or replace function get_sal(dept_id number,total_count out number)
return number
is 
 v_sumsal number(10) := 0;
 cursor salary_cursor is select salary from employees where department_id = dept_id;
begin 
  total_count := 0;
  for c in salary_cursor loop 
    v_sumsal := v_sumsal + c.salary;
    total_count := total_count + 1;
  end loop;
  return v_sumsal;
end;
調(diào)用:
declare
  v_count number(4);
begin 
  dbms_output.put_line(get_sal(80,v_count));
  dbms_output.put_line(v_count);
end;


定義一個(gè)存儲(chǔ)過(guò)程:獲取給定部門(mén)的工資總和(通過(guò)out參數(shù)),要求部門(mén)號(hào)和工資總額定義為參數(shù)。
(注意:存儲(chǔ)過(guò)程和存儲(chǔ)函數(shù)是不一樣的,存儲(chǔ)函數(shù)有返回值而存儲(chǔ)過(guò)程沒(méi)有,調(diào)用時(shí)候存儲(chǔ)過(guò)程直接調(diào)用)

create or replace procedure get_sal1(dept_id number,sumsal out number)
is 
 cursor salary_cursor is select salary from employees where department_id = dept_id;
begin 
 sumsal := 0;
 for c in salary_cursor loop 
   sumsal := sumsal + c.salary;
 end loop;
 dbms_output.put_line(sumsal);
end;
調(diào)用:
declare 
  v_sal number(10):=0; 
begin 
 get_sal1(80,v_sal);
end;


對(duì)給定部門(mén)(作為輸入?yún)?shù))的員工進(jìn)行加薪操作,若其到公司的時(shí)間在(?,95)期間,為其加薪5%

                                                                                          (95,98)                  3%

                                                                                          (98,?)                   1%
得到以下返回結(jié)果:為此次加薪公司每月額外付出多少成三(定義一個(gè)OUT型的輸出參數(shù))

create or replace procedure add_sal(dept_id number,temp out number)
is
  cursor sal_cursor is select employee_id,salary,hire_date 
  from employees where department_id = dept_id;
  v_temp number(4,2):=0;
begin 
  temp := 0;
  for c in sal_cursor loop
    if to_char(c.hire_date,'yyyy')  '1995' then v_temp:=0.05;
    elsif to_char(c.hire_date,'yyyy')  '1998' then v_temp:=0.03;
    else v_temp:=0.01;
    end if;

  update employees 
  set salary = salary * (1+v_temp) 
  where employee_id = c.employee_id;

  temp := temp + c.salary*v_temp; 
  end loop;
  dbms_output.put_line(temp);
end;
調(diào)用:
declare 
  v_i number(10):=0;
begin
  add_sal(80,v_i);
end;

觸發(fā)器:
觸發(fā)事件:在INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE情況下會(huì)觸發(fā)TRIGGER
觸發(fā)時(shí)間:該TRIGGER是在觸發(fā)事件發(fā)生之前(BEFORE)還是之后(AFTER)
觸發(fā)器本身:該TRIGGER被觸發(fā)之后的目的和意圖,正是觸發(fā)器本身要做的事情,如PL/SQL塊
觸發(fā)頻率:有語(yǔ)句級(jí)(STATEMENT)觸發(fā)器和行級(jí)(ROW)觸發(fā)器
寫(xiě)一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的觸發(fā)器:

create or replace trigger update_emp_trigger
after
  update on employees
for each row (行級(jí)觸發(fā)器,即每更新一條記錄就會(huì)輸出一次'helloworld',若沒(méi)有這語(yǔ)句則是語(yǔ)句級(jí)觸發(fā)器)
begin
  dbms_output.put_line('helloworld');
end;


使用:new,:old修飾符:

1、
create table emp1
as
select employee_id,salary,email from employees where department_id = 80;
2、
create or replace trigger update_emp_trigger2
after
  update on emp1
for each row
begin
  dbms_output.put_line('old salary:'||:old.salary||'new salary:'||:new.salary);
end;
3、
update emp1 set salary = salary + 100 ;


編寫(xiě)一個(gè)觸發(fā)器,在對(duì)my_emp記錄進(jìn)行刪除的時(shí)候,在my_emp_bak表中備份對(duì)應(yīng)的記錄

1、創(chuàng)建my_emp表:
create table my_emp 
as
select employee_id,salary from employees ;
2、創(chuàng)建my_emp_bak表:
create table my_emp_bak
as
select employee_id,salary from employees where 1=2;
3、檢查創(chuàng)建的表中的記錄:
select * from my_emp
select * from my_emp_bak
4、創(chuàng)建一個(gè)觸發(fā)器:
create or replace trigger delete_emp_trigger 
before
  delete on my_emp 
for each row
begin
  insert into my_emp_bak 
  values(:old.employee_id,:old.salary);
end;
5、執(zhí)行含有觸發(fā)器時(shí)間的語(yǔ)句:
delete from my_emp
6、檢查觸發(fā)器執(zhí)行后的結(jié)果:
select * from my_emp
select * from my_emp_bak

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標(biāo)簽:衡水 仙桃 湘潭 蘭州 崇左 湖南 銅川 黃山

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